Assess how zoning ordinances, housing finance mechanisms, and transit investments interact to shape urban segregation and housing affordability; test ability to analyze policy instruments and historical context, interpret quantitative measures (e.g., segregation indices, rent burden, transit accessibility), evaluate comparative case studies, identify causal pathways and unintended consequences, and design evidence-based policy options using appropriate evaluation methods (GIS mapping, regression/causal inference, cost–benefit and equity analysis).