Assess students' understanding of how urbanization alters the water cycle, focusing on effects on surface runoff, infiltration, groundwater recharge, and flood risk. Include causes (impervious surfaces, storm drains), consequences (increased runoff, reduced infiltration, higher flood frequency/intensity), and basic mitigation strategies (green infrastructure, permeable pavements, retention basins). Questions should require explanations, simple analysis of short scenarios or diagrams, and interpretation of cause–effect relationships appropriate for grades 6–8.