Test learners' ability to analyze the primary drivers, measurements, impacts, and mitigation trade-offs of urban heat islands in mid-sized cities. Assess understanding of physical drivers (land cover, materials, urban form, anthropogenic heat), measurement approaches (air vs. surface temperature, remote sensing, modeling), and evaluation of mitigation options (green infrastructure, cool materials, shading, policy interventions) with attention to costs, water use, equity, maintenance, co-benefits, and unintended consequences; require comparative reasoning for planners and decision-makers.