Assess learners' understanding of urban heat islands by testing causes (land-cover change, impervious surfaces, anthropogenic heat), environmental and human impacts (temperature differentials, air quality, health, energy demand), common assessment methods (remote sensing, in-situ monitoring), and mitigation strategies (urban forestry, green roofs, cool roofs/pavements, planning and policy). Questions should require application of concepts to interpret data or propose evidence-based interventions for real or hypothetical urban contexts.