Assess students' understanding of urban heat islands by testing knowledge of key physical and anthropogenic causes (land cover, impervious surfaces, urban geometry, waste heat), public health effects (heat-related illness, air quality, vulnerable populations, equity), and mitigation strategies in city planning (green infrastructure, cool roofs, shading, land-use policy). Include analysis of mechanisms, interpretation of evidence, and evaluation of trade-offs and implementation considerations suitable for grades 9–12.