Assess learners' understanding of the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon: its primary causes (land cover change, impervious surfaces, reduced evapotranspiration, anthropogenic heat), environmental and social impacts (local warming, air quality, health risks, energy demand, ecosystem stress), how UHI is measured and identified, and evaluate mitigation and adaptation strategies (green infrastructure, reflective materials, cool pavements, urban forestry, planning/policy), including analysis of trade-offs and application to urban scenarios.