Assess learners' understanding of the urban heat island phenomenon, including primary causes (land cover change, impervious surfaces, reduced vegetation, waste heat), mechanisms of heat retention, impacts on human health (heat stress, morbidity/mortality, vulnerable populations, air quality), effects on infrastructure and energy systems (higher cooling demand, pavement and rail damage, stormwater interactions), and common mitigation strategies (urban greening, cool/reflective roofs and pavements, increased albedo, shade, planning and heat action plans), with brief evaluation of trade-offs and context-dependent effectiveness.