Assess understanding of the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon, including primary causes (impervious surfaces, reduced vegetation, anthropogenic heat), environmental and societal consequences (higher local temperatures, degraded air quality, increased energy demand, health risks, altered hydrology), and the range, effectiveness, and trade-offs of mitigation strategies (urban forestry/green roofs, reflective surfaces, cool pavements, land-use planning and policy). Questions will require explanation of mechanisms, comparison of interventions, and application of mitigation principles to short urban scenarios.