Test grade 3–5 students’ understanding of how the six simple machines (lever, pulley, wheel and axle, inclined plane, screw, wedge) change force and/or direction to make work easier. Include identification of each machine, explanation of how it alters force or direction, comparison of real-world examples, and basic reasoning about mechanical advantage (e.g., when a machine reduces force vs. increases distance). Assess ability to predict outcomes and justify answers with simple diagrams or short calculations.