Test the ability to analyze sources and pathways of uncertainty in coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models, including parametric, structural, and initial-condition uncertainties; evaluate propagation through coupling processes and feedbacks across timescales; compare and justify sensitivity and uncertainty-quantification methods (ensemble experiments, Monte Carlo, adjoint/singular-vector analysis, variance-based Sobol, Morris, emulators); interpret diagnostic metrics and ensemble outputs; and design targeted experiments or calibration strategies to reduce or characterize uncertainty for scientific and policy-relevant model applications.