Assess understanding of how translations (horizontal and vertical shifts), reflections (across axes), and stretches/compressions (vertical and horizontal dilations) change function graphs and equations. Tasks should require identifying transformations from equations and graphs, composing multiple transformations in the correct order, writing the equation after specified transformations, predicting new coordinates of key points and intercepts, and explaining effects on domain, range, and orientation; include examples from quadratic, absolute value, linear, and exponential functions.