Assess students' ability to analyze trade-offs among privacy protections (centralized vs decentralized architectures, data minimization, anonymization), usability factors (adoption barriers, UI/UX, battery/compatibility, false positives/negatives), and public-health effectiveness (timeliness of notifications, case detection, impact on transmission). Require evaluation of real-world app designs or policies, comparison using metrics (sensitivity, specificity, adoption thresholds), and justified recommendations that balance ethical, technical, and epidemiological considerations.