Test graduate-level ability to analyze how thermodynamic constraints influence metabolic pathway flux distributions within metabolic networks. Assess skills in computing reaction ΔG' from ΔG'° and metabolite concentration ranges, determining feasible reaction directionality, identifying thermodynamically infeasible cycles, integrating constraints into FBA/TFA frameworks, and diagnosing pathway bottlenecks or concentration adjustments required to enable target fluxes; require interpretation of results and reasoning steps.