Test students' ability to analyze Earth's radiative energy balance by applying the Stefan–Boltzmann law to estimate planetary equilibrium temperature (including emissivity and albedo), calculate radiative forcing from greenhouse gas concentration changes (W/m²), use linearized climate sensitivity (ΔT = ΔF/λ) to estimate temperature responses, and evaluate the role of major feedback mechanisms (water vapor, lapse-rate, cloud, ice–albedo); tasks require quantitative calculation, algebraic linearization, unit handling, and interpretation of uncertainties and method limits.