Assess students' ability to quantify and compare the relative contributions of land cover, building geometry, and anthropogenic heat to local temperature increases in urban heat islands. Test skills in selecting and interpreting observational (remote sensing, weather stations) and modeling methods (surface energy balance, CFD, statistical models), computing metrics (ΔT, heat fluxes), evaluating mitigation trade-offs (vegetation, albedo, urban form, HVAC loads), and discussing uncertainty and equity at neighborhood-to-city scales.