Test the learner’s ability to evaluate how courts apply proportionality to national security measures that restrict civil liberties, including knowledge of proportionality sub-tests (suitability, necessity, strict proportionality), standards of review and deference, burden of proof and evidentiary challenges with classified material, procedural safeguards (access to counsel, closed hearings), comparative doctrinal approaches (e.g., ECtHR, UK, US), and appropriate remedies; expect application to complex fact patterns, critique of judicial reasoning, and reasoned recommendations for balancing rights and security in hard cases.