Assess graduate students’ understanding of the doctrine of proportionality in constitutional law, including its normative foundations, the multi‑stage test (legitimate aim; suitability/appropriateness; necessity/minimal impairment; and proportionality in the strict sense/balancing), evidentiary and procedural requirements, common limits and critiques (margin of appreciation, deference, democratic legitimacy), and comparative applications; tasks may include defining stages, applying the test to fact patterns, and critically evaluating boundaries and remedies.