Assess students' ability to apply the water-balance equation to a small, urbanizing watershed by quantifying how changes in precipitation, evapotranspiration, infiltration, storage, and impervious area (land-use scenarios such as increased urban cover or reforestation) affect runoff generation, peak streamflow, and flood risk. Tasks include setting up the mass-balance, estimating parameter shifts for scenarios, computing relative changes in discharge/hydrograph characteristics, and interpreting uncertainty and mitigation options.