Test students' ability to analyze how proportional representation (PR) electoral reforms in Western Europe between 1980 and 2010 influenced party-system fragmentation and coalition formation. Assess understanding of institutional mechanisms (district magnitude, thresholds, list types), vote-to-seat translation, strategic entry/exit, and coalition bargaining; require comparison of empirical indicators (effective number of parties, Gallagher index, coalition duration) and short case-based arguments that evaluate competing explanations and policy/political consequences for government stability and party institutionalization.