Assess students' understanding of the light-dependent reactions (photosystems II and I, electron transport chain, photolysis of water, proton gradient formation, photophosphorylation, and production of ATP and NADPH in thylakoid membranes) and the Calvin cycle (CO2 fixation by RuBisCO, formation of 3‑PGA and G3P, RuBP regeneration, ATP/NADPH usage). Include mechanistic links, basic stoichiometry, and how environmental factors influence pathway efficiency.