Assess ability to analyze common cognitive biases (confirmation, anchoring, availability, overconfidence, escalation of commitment), evaluate decision‑making frameworks (expected value, Bayesian updating, decision trees, multi-criteria analysis, scenario planning, pre-mortem), and apply them to optimize high‑stakes career and leadership choices through case vignettes; test takers must identify biases, justify framework selection, quantify trade-offs and risks, propose debiasing and stakeholder-informed strategies, and critique ethical implications of recommendations.