Assess students' ability to apply watershed-scale hydrologic models to quantify how land-use and land-cover change alter streamflow regimes and flood risk; tasks include selecting appropriate models (e.g., SWAT, HEC‑HMS, VIC), designing land-use scenarios, parameterizing and calibrating/validating models, conducting hydrograph and flood-frequency analyses, evaluating uncertainty, and interpreting results for management decisions and communication to stakeholders.