Assess students' ability to design, run, and interpret watershed hydrologic models (e.g., HEC‑HMS, SWAT, PRMS) to quantify how land‑use changes (urbanization, deforestation, agricultural conversion) affect streamflow regimes, peak flows, and flood risk; include scenario development, parameter selection and calibration, model evaluation metrics, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis, and translating outputs into risk‑informed management recommendations.