Assess and compare lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and key co‑benefits of municipal solid waste (MSW) management options—landfill (with/without gas capture), incineration with energy recovery, composting, and recycling. Define system boundaries (collection, transport, treatment, disposal), identify avoided emissions and resource offsets, evaluate trade‑offs (air/water impacts, land use, energy, nutrient recovery), and use sensitivity analysis to recommend context‑appropriate strategies.