Assess understanding of how land-use changes (urbanization, agriculture, deforestation, reforestation) alter watershed hydrology (runoff generation, infiltration, baseflow, peak flows, hydrograph shape) and sediment transport (erosion mechanisms, sediment yield, channel response) in temperate catchments; students should analyze conceptual frameworks and simple quantitative scenarios, interpret hydrograph and sediment-load data, and evaluate mitigation, monitoring, and modeling approaches.