Assess students' understanding of the principles and limits of judicial review in constitutional democracies, including origins and models of review (e.g., strong vs. weak), separation of powers, constitutional interpretation methods, doctrines that constrain courts (standing, political question/justiciability, remedies), tensions between judicial legitimacy and democratic accountability, and comparative examples (e.g., US, Germany, India, UK). Items will ask for definitions, short explanations, application to fact patterns, and comparative analysis.