Assess understanding of federal judicial review of agency action and administrative rulemaking under the Administrative Procedure Act and constitutional doctrines. Topics include notice-and-comment and formal rulemaking procedures, standards of review (arbitrary-and-capricious, substantial-evidence), judicial deference doctrines (Chevron, Skidmore, Auer, and recent major-questions/Kisor developments), limits on agency authority, and remedies; questions require applying rules to fact patterns.