Test graduate students' ability to analyze how judicial review shapes public policy in federal systems through a comparative study of the United States and Germany. Assess knowledge of institutional designs (e.g., concrete vs. abstract review), key doctrinal tools and landmark decisions, and mechanisms by which constitutional courts influence legislation, intergovernmental relations, and policy outcomes. Require case-based analysis, evaluation of trade-offs and limits on judicial policymaking, and synthesis of comparative implications for legal and political actors.