Assess students' ability to analyze how first-past-the-post (FPTP), proportional representation (PR), and ranked-choice voting (RCV) influence party systems and election outcomes. Items should require comparing institutional incentives (e.g., Duverger’s law), effects on the number of parties, coalition formation, vote‑to‑seat proportionality, strategic and wasted-vote dynamics, minority and extremist representation, and policy moderation. Include interpretation of vote-to-seat conversion scenarios, evaluation of empirical or hypothetical case studies, and formulation of reform recommendations for given political contexts. Appropriate for Grade 9–12 analytical assessment.