Assess students' ability to analyze how electoral systems—especially first-past-the-post (plurality) versus proportional representation—affect party systems and voter behavior. Scope includes institutional features (district magnitude, electoral thresholds), theoretical expectations (Duverger’s Law, strategic/tactical voting), and empirical consequences (party number/fragmentation, coalition incentives, minority representation, turnout, vote-seat disproportionality); require comparative evaluation and illustrative examples.