Assess students' understanding of the greenhouse effect—how solar energy is absorbed and re‑radiated by Earth's atmosphere, the roles of major greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, water vapor), and how human activities (fossil fuel combustion, deforestation, agriculture) raise greenhouse gas concentrations and intensify climate change; include basic feedbacks (albedo, water vapor), observable impacts (global temperature rise, sea-level change, extreme weather), and simple mitigation actions; items should test explanation, cause-and-effect reasoning, source identification, and interpretation of short graphs or scenarios.