Assess causal mechanisms linking fiscal decentralization to subnational inequality in India, Brazil, and Indonesia (1990–2020). The quiz tests students’ ability to analyze institutional arrangements (taxation, transfers, expenditure autonomy), heterogeneity in political and administrative capacity, and pathways through which decentralization may increase or reduce inequality; evaluate empirical strategies for causal identification (panel methods, DiD, IV, synthetic controls), diagnose endogeneity and omitted-variable bias, interpret results from comparative case studies, and propose robust research designs or policy recommendations grounded in evidence.