Assess students' ability to analyze how major positive and negative feedbacks in Earth's climate system (e.g., water-vapor, lapse-rate, cloud, ice-albedo, and carbon-cycle feedbacks) affect equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) and transient climate response (TCR); require explanation of physical mechanisms and timescales, interpretation of feedback parameters and simple model outputs (e.g., radiative forcing, feedback factor, gain), quantitative reasoning about amplification versus damping of warming, and evaluation of observational and structural uncertainties that influence projections.