Assess students' understanding of how the U.S. Constitution allocates powers between federal and state governments, including core doctrines (enumerated powers, reserved powers/Tenth Amendment, supremacy clause, preemption, commerce power); require analysis of landmark case examples (e.g., McCulloch v. Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden, United States v. Lopez, NFIB v. Sebelius) and application of principles to brief hypothetical conflicts.