Test students' ability to evaluate the constitutionality and democratic effects of U.S. voter ID laws by assessing relevant constitutional principles (Equal Protection, Due Process, Fifteenth Amendment, Voting Rights Act), landmark and recent Supreme Court decisions, state statutory variations, and empirical evidence on turnout and disparate impacts; require legal reasoning using scrutiny standards, critique of empirical methods (causation, controls, natural experiments), and formulation of evidence-based policy or judicial remedies.