Assess the ability to critically evaluate the validity and equity of automated essay scoring (AES) systems for measuring academic writing proficiency in multilingual undergraduate students. Scope includes construct, content, and criterion validity; reliability and score comparability across language varieties and proficiency levels; sources and consequences of bias and disparate impact; data representativeness, algorithmic transparency, and fairness frameworks; methods for empirical evaluation and interpretation of evidence; and practical recommendations for equitable assessment design, accommodations, and policy.