Assess and compare the effectiveness, equity implications, legal constraints, financing mechanisms, displacement outcomes, and political feasibility of major urban policy approaches (e.g., inclusionary zoning, rent control, community land trusts, housing subsidies, tenant protections, anti‑displacement strategies) used to address gentrification and affordable housing in major U.S. cities; evaluate empirical evidence, trade‑offs, and implementation challenges and recommend context‑sensitive policy options for different urban settings.