Assess the effectiveness of transitional justice mechanisms in achieving reconciliation and institutional reform in Rwanda and South Africa from 1994–2004. Students should compare specific mechanisms (Rwanda: gacaca, ICTR, prosecutions; South Africa: TRC, amnesty, reparations), evaluate outcomes using indicators of reconciliation and institutional change (social cohesion, victim satisfaction, judicial and security-sector reform), identify constraints and legitimacy issues, and draw evidence-based conclusions and policy implications.