Assess students' ability to critically evaluate the assumptions, strengths, and limitations of maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian phylogenetic methods for reconstructing deep evolutionary relationships from genomic data. Items will probe model assumptions (site independence, substitution models, rate heterogeneity, priors), common biases (long-branch attraction, saturation, compositional bias), statistical properties and support metrics, computational scaling, model selection/validation approaches, handling gene tree/species tree discordance, and justification of method choice and sensitivity analyses for real genomic scenarios.