Assess students' ability to evaluate trade-offs between coastal managed retreat and hard-engineered sea defenses for climate adaptation in densely populated delta regions, using criteria such as long-term hazard reduction, costs (capital and maintenance), ecosystem services, social equity and displacement, governance capacity, land-use change, sediment dynamics, and adaptive flexibility; require application of quantitative and qualitative evidence, cost–benefit and risk frameworks, and policy recommendations grounded in case-study reasoning.