Evaluate and compare coastal adaptation strategies for sea-level rise in low-lying urban areas—hard engineering (sea walls, surge barriers), managed retreat, and ecosystem-based approaches (mangroves, salt marsh restoration). Assess effectiveness, costs, co-benefits and trade-offs, social equity and governance implications, ecological impacts, and long-term resilience across different sea-level and storm scenarios; use provided data and scenario analysis to justify recommended approaches for planners and communities.