Assess undergraduate students' understanding of mechanisms and regulation of eukaryotic membrane transport: principles and distinctions of passive diffusion and facilitated diffusion; primary (e.g., ATP-driven pumps) versus secondary active transport (symport/antiport and energy coupling); how electrochemical gradients and membrane potential drive net flux; examples (ion channels, carrier proteins, Na+/K+-ATPase, H+-pumps); basic transport kinetics (saturation, selectivity) and regulatory mechanisms (gating, phosphorylation, trafficking, expression). Include questions requiring prediction of transport direction and reasoning in physiological contexts (neurons, epithelial absorption).