Assess students' understanding of ethical and environmental trade-offs across the lifecycle of lithium‑ion batteries. Test knowledge of raw-material extraction (e.g., lithium, cobalt), associated social and human-rights concerns, environmental impacts of mining and manufacturing (water use, pollution, emissions), recycling technologies and limitations, lifecycle assessment principles, and policy/technical mitigation strategies. Students should be able to compare benefits (EVs, grid storage) with harms and propose evidence-based trade-off evaluations or policy recommendations.