Assess graduate students' ability to recall the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause (text and placement) and identify core doctrines—levels of scrutiny (strict, intermediate, rational basis), intent vs. impact, and state action—and the holdings and significance of landmark U.S. Supreme Court cases (for example Plessy, Brown, Loving, Korematsu, Reed, Craig, United States v. Virginia, San Antonio ISD, Washington v. Davis, Bakke/Grutter/Fisher). The quiz will require recall of case names, factual contexts, holdings, and the doctrinal standard applied.