Assess understanding of photosynthesis and cellular respiration with emphasis on how organisms capture, convert, and use energy. Scope should include light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle, glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation; roles of chloroplasts and mitochondria; comparative stoichiometry (ATP, NADPH, O2/CO2 exchange); regulatory control and alternative/anaerobic pathways (fermentation); and interpretation of pathway diagrams and data to evaluate energy yields and ecological implications for autotrophs and heterotrophs.