Test students' ability to analyze how plurality/majoritarian, proportional representation, and mixed electoral systems shape party systems, the degree of legislative fragmentation, and patterns of coalition formation; expect comparative evaluation using concepts such as Duverger's law, district magnitude, effective number of parties, electoral thresholds, strategic incentives for voters and parties, and implications for government stability and policy-making. Scope: undergraduate-level comparative analysis drawing on institutional mechanisms and empirical indicators.