Assess students' ability to analyze how electoral system design (e.g., PR vs. majoritarian, district magnitude, thresholds) and measures of party fragmentation (effective number of parties, fractionalization) shape coalition formation, stability, and policy outcomes in parliamentary democracies; tasks may include applying formal coalition theories, evaluating empirical evidence, interpreting quantitative measures (survival analysis, regressions), and comparing case studies to explain when and why fragmentation leads to unstable cabinets or distinct policy profiles.