Assess students' ability to analyze how first-past-the-post (FPTP) and proportional representation (PR) electoral systems shape party systems in Western democracies. Test understanding of theoretical mechanisms (e.g., Duverger's law; mechanical vs. psychological effects), consequences for party number, polarization, coalition formation, regional/ethnic party representation, and strategic voting. Require comparative case analysis (e.g., UK/Canada vs. Netherlands/Germany), evaluation of empirical evidence, and concise policy or reform implications.