Assess students' understanding of how first-past-the-post (plurality) and proportional representation systems function and how each shapes party systems. Test knowledge of vote-seat translation (district magnitude, thresholds), theoretical expectations (Duverger’s law, incentives for strategic voting), empirical consequences (two-party vs. multiparty outcomes, regional/ethnic party emergence, coalition formation), and skills in comparing cases and interpreting proportionality measures; includes short-answer explanation, case comparison, and application to hypothetical electoral scenarios.