Assess students' ability to analyze how electoral system design—proportional representation (PR) versus majoritarian systems—shapes party systems and government formation in parliamentary democracies; test knowledge of theoretical mechanisms (Duverger’s Law, district magnitude, thresholds, seat-allocation methods), empirical effects (party fragmentation, effective number of parties, strategic voting, entry barriers), and consequences for coalition formation, cabinet durability, and policy outcomes through comparative short-answer and scenario-based questions.